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Explore the fundamentals of protein structure in this comprehensive lecture from the MLCB24 series. Delve into the intricate world of proteins, examining their building blocks, folding mechanisms, and structural hierarchies. Learn about primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures, and understand how these configurations influence protein function. Discover the importance of amino acid sequences, peptide bonds, and various structural motifs such as alpha helices and beta sheets. Investigate the forces that drive protein folding, including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic forces. Gain insights into advanced topics like protein domains, structural prediction methods, and the relationship between protein structure and disease. This 71-minute lecture provides a solid foundation for understanding the complex world of protein structure, essential for fields such as biochemistry, molecular biology, and bioinformatics.