This course presents an overview of the history and philosophical foundations of probation and parole in the United States. The course examines the organization and operation of probation and parole agencies as particular segments of the criminal justice system. Theoretical concerns and practical aspects of probation and parole services will be discussed. Issues and problems relating to the pre-sentence report, determinate versus indeterminate sentencing, the roles of probation and parole officers, and the legal decisions affecting the practice of probation and parole will be examined. Field trips may be required. Transfer credit: CSU; UC. Formerly: CJ 27.