This course is a self-contained concise review of general thermodynamics concepts, multicomponent equilibrium properties, chemical equilibrium, electrochemical potentials, and chemical kinetics, as needed to introduce the methods of nonequilibrium thermodynamics and to provide a unified understanding of phase equilibria, transport, and nonequilibrium phenomena useful for future energy and climate engineering technologies. Applications include second-law efficiencies and methods to allocate primary energy consumptions and CO₂ emissions in cogeneration and hybrid power systems, minimum work of separation, maximum work of mixing, osmotic pressure and membrane equilibria, metastable states, spinodal decomposition, and Onsager’s near-equilibrium reciprocity in thermodiffusive, thermoelectric, and electrokinetic cross effects.
Overview
Syllabus
- Lecture 1: Definitions of System, Property, State, and Weight Process; First Law and Energy
- Lecture 2: Second Law and Entropy; Adiabatic Availability; Maximum Entropy Principle
- Lecture 3: Energy vs Entropy Diagrams to Represent Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium States
- Lecture 4: Temperature, Pressure, Chemical Potentials; the Clausius Statement of the Second Law
- Lecture 5: Definition of Heat Interaction; First and Second Law Efficiencies
- Lecture 6: Free Energies, Available Energies, and Stability Conditions
- Lecture 7: Availability Functions and the LeChatelier-Braun Principle
- Lecture 8: Few versus Many Particles: The Euler Relation; Review of Various Forms of Exergy (Part I)
- Lecture 9: Minimum Work of Partitioning Small Systems; The Gibbs Phase Rule; The Van der Waals Model
- Lecture 10: Review of Various Forms of Exergy (Part II); Allocation of Consumptions in Cogeneration
- Lecture 11: Allocation in Hybrid Power Production; Chemical Potentials and Partial Pressures
- Lecture 12: Ideal Mixture Behavior; Work from Reversible Mixing; Entropy of Irreversible Mixing
- Lecture 13: The Gibbs Paradox; Shannon Information Entropy; Single Quantum Particle in a Box
- Lecture 14: Ideal Solution Model; Osmotic Pressure; Blue Energy; Minimum Work of Separation
- Lecture 15: Stratification in Gas and Liquid Mixtures; Liquid-Vapor Spinodal Decomposition
- Lecture 16: Liquid-Vapor Equilibria in Mixtures; Ideal and Excess Chemical Potentials
- Lecture 17: Liquid-Liquid Spinodal Decomposition; Introduction to Systems with Chemical Reactions
- Lecture 18: Properties of Reaction; Heating Values and Exergy of Fuels; Adiabatic Flame Temperature
- Lecture 19: Affinity and Nonequilibrium Law of Mass Action; Potential Energy Surface
- Lecture 20: Chemical Kinetics; The Arrhenius Law; Degree of Disequilibrium; Principle of Detailed Balance
- Lecture 21: Introduction to Nonequilibrium Theory; Onsager Reciprocity and Maximum Entropy Production
- Lecture 22: Definition of “Heat&Diffusion” Interaction; Diffusive and Convective Fluxes
- Lecture 23: Direct and Cross Effects; General Principles of Entropy Production; The Fourth Law
- Lecture 24: Relative Diffusion Fluxes; Thermoelectric Effects
- Lecture 25: Thermodiffusive Effects; Multicomponent Transport
Taught by
Prof. Gian Paolo Beretta
