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Explore the critical issue of ocean acidification in this 55-minute special lecture from the AGU Fall Meeting 2012. Delve into the complex effects of excess carbon dioxide on marine ecosystems, examining how increased CO2 absorption by oceans alters their chemistry and impacts marine life. Investigate the consequences of lowered pH levels and decreased carbonate-ion concentrations on various marine organisms, particularly those forming calcium carbonate shells or skeletons. Analyze the potential long-term implications of rapid chemical changes in the ocean, comparing them to historical events and discussing the challenges of predicting adaptation in ecological and evolutionary timescales. Consider the varying impacts on different marine ecosystems, from potentially catastrophic effects on coral reefs to possibly minor challenges for some open ocean ecosystems. Gain insights into the scientific understanding of ocean acidification risks and the importance of curtailing CO2 emissions to mitigate potential consequences.