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Cardiac Output CO = Stroke Volume and Heart Rate. Factors influencing Stroke Volume e.g. Preload, Contractility, Afterload.
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Classroom Contents
Hypertension - Blood Pressure Regulation - Hypotension
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- 1 Normal Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures
- 2 Systolic SBP and Diastolic Blood Pressure DBP; relationship with Cardiac Output CO and Total Peripheral Resistance TPR respectively.
- 3 0 SBP’s direct proportionality with CO.
- 4 Defining DBP.
- 5 DBP’s direct proportionality with TPR.
- 6 Effect of arterioloconstrictors and arteriolodilators on TPR and by extension DBP. Altering SBP by controlling CO.
- 7 Explanation and calculation of Mean Arterial Pressure MAP; Mean Systemic Blood Pressure
- 8 Cardiac Output CO = Stroke Volume and Heart Rate. Factors influencing Stroke Volume e.g. Preload, Contractility, Afterload.
- 9 Venous Return; Preload, factors influencing it i.e. Ventricular Filling Pressure, Filling Time.
- 10 Contractility and Afterload and how they affect Preload.
- 11 Total Peripheral Resistance TPR; contribution to Blood Pressure through changes in DBP; concepts of stressed and unstressed volumes and effect of vasodilation/arteriolodilation and Venoconstriction/…
- 12 M.A.P = CO into TPR; Cardiac Output and Total Peripheral Resistance as interdependent variables and not independent ; i.e. if one increases the other decreases and vice versa.
- 13 Short term Rapid and Long term regulation of BP; i.e. Neurological and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system.
- 14 Detailed explanation of Neurological Regulation; how it counterbalances major fluctuations; Baroreceptors, Carotid Sinus and Aortic Arch Sinus; Role of Glossopharyngeal 9th Nerve and Vagus Nerve 10t…
- 15 Effect of Hypertension on sensitivity of nerve endings in Carotid Sinus Arch and S.A node and clinical implications of this phenomena.
- 16 Summary of neuronal blood pressure regulation and rapid control of blood pressure with emphasis on Parasympathetic and Sympathetic activity through afferent and efferent neurons.
- 17 Neuronal Blood Pressure Regulation NBPR; Clinical co-relates; Carotid Occlusion, Carotid Sinus Massage, its importance in managing Supraventricular Tachycardias SVT.
- 18 NBPR; Clinical co-relates; Postural changes in blood pressure, Orthostatic Hypotension, severe dehydration, use of sympatholytic or vasodilator drugs and compensatory rise in Sympathetic Nervous Sys…
- 19 NBPR; Clinical Co-relate; Volume load, compensatory rise in Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity PANS leading to fall in blood pressure.
- 20 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System RAA; Production/release of Renin; Effect of increased or decreased renal perfusion on JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus JG apparatus. Its role in increased reabsorption …
- 21 RAA system: Increased Renin release in blood stream leading to release of Angiotensin-1 from the liver. Conversion of AT-1 to AT-2 by the enzyme Angiotensin-Conversion-Enzyme ACE present in cells of…
- 22 RAA system: Role of AT-2 in increasing SBP and DBP through venoconstriction and arterioloconstriction respectively. AT-2’s role in activating thirst center in hypothalamus. AT-2’s role in activating…
- 23 RAA system: AT-2’s effect on Adrenal Gland in producing Aldosterone. Detailed mechanism of Aldosterone’s action on DCT to increase reabsorption of Na+ and H2O salt-water retention and thus increased…
- 24 RAA system: AT-2’s effect in enhancing Na+ and H2O reabsorption through its action on Na+-H+ counter transporter and significance of Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme in this regard. AT’s role in maintainin…
- 25 Drugs acting through RAA system: ACE inhibitors; Renal Artery Stenosis.
- 26 Drugs affecting RAA system: Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers ARBs.
- 27 Other Blood Pressure regulatory mechanisms; chemoreceptors; Central and peripheral types of chemoreceptors.
- 28 Cushing’s reaction, its clinical co-relates; Increased Intracerebral Pressure ICP in cases of Space Occupying Lesion SOL. Increased Cerebral Blood Flow, progressively increasing BP and progressively…
- 29 Other mechanisms: Anti-diuretic hormone ADH/Vasopressor hormone.
